Exploring Yahuah's Building Blocks of Creation
Chemistry is the study of matter, its properties, composition, and how it changes.
| Type | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Element | Pure substance, one type of atom | Gold (Au), Oxygen (O) |
| Compound | Two+ elements chemically combined | Water (H₂O), Salt (NaCl) |
| Mixture | Physically combined, not bonded | Air, salad, salt water |
1. Is water an element, compound, or mixture?
2. Is melting point a physical or chemical property?
| Particle | Location | Charge | Mass |
|---|---|---|---|
| Proton | Nucleus | +1 | 1 amu |
| Neutron | Nucleus | 0 | 1 amu |
| Electron | Electron cloud | -1 | ~0 amu |
Atomic Number (Z) = Number of protons (defines the element)
Mass Number (A) = Protons + Neutrons
Neutrons = Mass Number - Atomic Number
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
Example: Carbon-12 (6 neutrons) vs. Carbon-14 (8 neutrons)
The atom is a marvel of design:
Slight changes to atomic forces would make chemistry - and life - impossible!
1. An atom has 17 protons and 18 neutrons. What is its mass number?
Mass number =
2. What particle determines the element's identity?
| Group | Name | Properties |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Alkali Metals | Very reactive, +1 ion |
| 2 | Alkaline Earth Metals | Reactive, +2 ion |
| 17 | Halogens | Very reactive nonmetals, -1 ion |
| 18 | Noble Gases | Stable, unreactive (full outer shell) |
| Type | Properties | Location |
|---|---|---|
| Metals | Shiny, conduct, malleable, lose e⁻ | Left side |
| Nonmetals | Dull, poor conductors, gain e⁻ | Right side |
| Metalloids | Properties of both | Staircase line |
1. What group contains the most unreactive elements?
2. Elements in the same group have similar
1s² → 2s² → 2p⁶ → 3s² → 3p⁶ → 4s² → 3d¹⁰ → 4p⁶ → 5s²...
Configuration: 1s² 2s² 2p⁴
Valence electrons are electrons in the outermost energy level.
1. Write the electron configuration for Na (11 electrons):
2. How many valence electrons does Chlorine (Group 17) have?
1. In ionic bonding, which type of element loses electrons?
2. What charge would Calcium (Group 2) form?
Nonmetal atoms share electrons to achieve a full outer shell.
Lewis Structure: H-O-H
| Type | Electron Sharing | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Nonpolar | Equal sharing | O₂, N₂, CH₄ |
| Polar | Unequal sharing | H₂O, HCl |
1. How many electrons are shared in a double bond?
2. Is water (H₂O) polar or nonpolar?
Examples: NaCl = Sodium chloride, MgO = Magnesium oxide
Examples: CO₂ = Carbon dioxide, N₂O₅ = Dinitrogen pentoxide
| Ion | Formula | Ion | Formula |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hydroxide | OH⁻ | Sulfate | SO₄²⁻ |
| Nitrate | NO₃⁻ | Carbonate | CO₃²⁻ |
| Phosphate | PO₄³⁻ | Ammonium | NH₄⁺ |
1. Name CaCl₂:
2. Name P₂O₅:
3. Write the formula for Potassium nitrate:
Reactants → Products
Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.
Atoms are rearranged, not created or destroyed.
Total mass of reactants = Total mass of products
1. In the reaction A + B → C, what are A and B called?
2. What law states that mass is conserved in reactions?
Balanced equations show the same number of each type of atom on both sides (conservation of mass).
Balanced: 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O
1. Balance: ___ Na + ___ Cl₂ → ___ NaCl
Coefficients: Na + Cl₂ → NaCl
2. Balance: ___ Fe + ___ O₂ → ___ Fe₂O₃
Coefficients: Fe + O₂ → Fe₂O₃
1 mole = 6.022 × 10²³ particles (Avogadro's number)
Like "dozen" = 12, "mole" = 6.022 × 10²³
Molar mass = mass of 1 mole of substance (g/mol)
Equals atomic mass from periodic table in grams
Example: Carbon molar mass = 12.01 g/mol
Moles = Mass / Molar Mass
n = m / M
1. What is the molar mass of NaCl? (Na=23, Cl=35.5)
Molar mass = g/mol
2. How many moles in 88 g of CO₂? (Molar mass = 44 g/mol)
n = moles
| Type | Pattern | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Synthesis | A + B → AB | 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O |
| Decomposition | AB → A + B | 2H₂O → 2H₂ + O₂ |
| Single Replacement | A + BC → AC + B | Zn + CuSO₄ → ZnSO₄ + Cu |
| Double Replacement | AB + CD → AD + CB | NaCl + AgNO₃ → NaNO₃ + AgCl |
| Combustion | Fuel + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O | CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O |
1. Classify: 2KClO₃ → 2KCl + 3O₂
Type:
2. Classify: Mg + 2HCl → MgCl₂ + H₂
Type:
| Feature | Design Evidence |
|---|---|
| Carbon | Uniquely versatile for life - 4 bonds, endless molecules |
| Water | Anomalous properties essential for life (expands when frozen, high specific heat) |
| Periodic Law | Orderly pattern reflects intelligent organization |
| Chemical reactions | Precise, predictable - laws require a Lawgiver |
| Biochemistry | DNA, proteins - information systems require Designer |
Water's unique properties point to design:
No other molecule could sustain life like water - by design!
1. How does the study of chemistry reveal Yahuah's design?
Unit 1: 1) Compound; 2) Physical
Unit 2: 1) 35; 2) Proton
Unit 3: 1) Noble gases (Group 18); 2) Properties
Unit 4: 1) 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s¹; 2) 7
Unit 5: 1) Metal; 2) +2
Unit 6: 1) 4; 2) Polar
Unit 7: 1) Calcium chloride; 2) Diphosphorus pentoxide; 3) KNO₃
Unit 8: 1) Reactants; 2) Law of Conservation of Mass
Unit 9: 1) 2 Na + 1 Cl₂ → 2 NaCl; 2) 4 Fe + 3 O₂ → 2 Fe₂O₃
Unit 10: 1) 58.5 g/mol; 2) 2 moles
Unit 11: 1) Decomposition; 2) Single replacement